中国公路隧道近10年的发展趋势与思考

中国公路隧道在规模、数量、建设速度等持续快速发展的形势下,近10年来又取得了众多隧道建设技术的突破,已由隧道大国步入向隧道强国转变的轨道。首先宏观研究分析近10年来中国公路隧道建设状况,对比论述了山岭、水下、城市地下道路等类型隧道的发展特点、趋势及相关建议;从隧道建设需求导向、地质超前预报、节能环保、应急救援等方面提出了公路隧道建设理念的变化,对比总结了钻爆法、盾构法、沉管法及TBM法等4类修建公路隧道常用施工方法的应用情况及未来发展趋势,并在此基础上,对中国公路隧道未来建设中将遇到的一些问题进行了研究与思考。结果表明:应改变以支护参数设计为重点的隧道设计理念,建立以介质场为主体的隧道结构设计方法,在隧道场解重构理论与技术体系方面进一步创新;对于采用双洞布局模式的长大公路隧道,为减少长深斜竖井设置,提升建设速度,应优先采用“钻爆法+小TBM导洞扩挖法”相结合的混合方法来修建;针对越来越多的公路隧道进入后运营期,提出了隧道智能监测评估与快速修复的技术途径,以将隧道修复作业所带来的影响降到最低;中国公路隧道建设应融合大数据、智能装备、5G等先进技术,并尽快完成配套标准的制定。     

招标文件编制之经验与心得

招标文件的编制是整个招投标管理中的核心,主要分为招标函、投标人须知、合同条件、工程量清单等部分,其中合同条件、工程量清单编制占据重要地位。该文主要介绍了在编制招标文件方面的一些经验与心得。     

各主要海军国家设备抗冲击标准之评述

一个国家海军舰艇的抗冲击能力的强弱,不但与舰船抗冲击技术相关的研究能力、设计能力和试验能力密切相关,而且决定于其所采用的抗冲击标准的指标的高低和执行标准的严格程度。文中重点分析了美国、英国、德国和俄罗斯的设备抗冲击标准,并将这些标准进行了定量比较。可供工程应用作参考。     

Seaport research: A structured literature review on methodological issues since the 1980s

This study aims to investigate how seaport research has been conducted from the methodological perspective. To this end, this study reviews published port literature for the last three decades (1980-2000s). The investigation primarily categorises the literature according to various methodological issues such as research paradigm, research strategy, base-disciplines, research methods and analysis techniques in order to provide meaningful implications on methodological evolution in seaport research for the period. This study suggests methodological bias in port research to a positivistic paradigm, following a quantitative trajectory moving from conceptual to empirical studies. In addition, the increased use of mathematical modelling and advanced statistical analysis methods is clearly observed. The introduction of advanced analytical tools used in other academic disciplines facilitates discussions in particular research area and amplifies the literature in those areas. This paper also suggests research gaps from the methodological perspective and implications for future port research.     

海峡西岸港口群发展现状及对策研究

文章在文献资料阅读和实地调查的基础上,介绍了海峡西岸港口群基本情况、内部构成及主要港口发展业绩,着重分析港口群在自然条件、经济基础和政策扶持等方面的发展优势和功能单一、内部竞争强等阻碍因素,并提出解决建议,希望能为海峡西岸港口群的进一步规划提供事实依据和帮助。     

Minimum Efficient Scale (MES) and preferred scale of container terminals

The decision on the scale of a port terminal affects the terminal’s managerial, operational and competitive position in all the phases of its life. It also affects competition structures in the port in which the terminal is operating, and has a potential impact on other terminals. Port authorities and terminal operators need to know the scale of the terminal when engaging in concession agreements. In economic theory the scale of a plant/firm is typically defined in relation to the Minimum Efficient Scale (MES), the long-run output where the internal economies of scale are fully exploited. However, there are a number of theoretical and empirical indications that in ports the scale of a terminal is commonly guided by a combination of the MES and other determining factors. The “preferred” scale is the result of a complex interaction between the MES, the port governance framework and objectives, the market size and structure, technological change and operational considerations, physical and geographical limitations, and the business patterns of shipping lines. This study analyses the factors resulting in a preferred container terminal scale that in most of the times is different from the MES. The analysis of the technical, market-related and governance-related factors is supported by theoretical and empirical insights that illustrate the presence of a range of actual ”preferred” scales of terminal concessions that usually are different, below or above, MES.     

道路沥青老化评价方法研究进展

沥青是路面工程中常用的筑路材料之一,被广泛应用于中国高速公路和城镇道路中。在路面服役过程中,沥青材料会出现硬化变脆等老化现象,显著影响了路面的运营品质及服役寿命。为了进一步促进道路沥青老化评价方法研究的发展,以宏观性能测试、微观结构探测和数值模拟技术等老化评价方法为脉络,比较了各类评价方法的所属尺度和应用优劣。研究结果表明:现行的沥青热氧老化室内研究方法并不能很好地反映沥青的长期服役耐久性,而紫外老化的室内研究方法更加亟需标准化和规范化;紫外老化和热氧老化的差异在于化学键断裂机制不同,热氧老化主要是由于高温热分解导致化学键断裂,而紫外老化的引发是由于分子内所含的基团吸收了具有能量的紫外线,导致化学键发生断裂;宏观性能测试是构建沥青老化与性能衰退联系的直接研究途径,2类老化类型的宏观性能测试方法和评价指标不能完成等同和替换;荧光显微镜、原子力显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱等微观探测技术能够定性或者定量分析沥青的老化过程和改性剂的老化响应;采用分子动力学模拟和细观力学模型既能继承利用微观研究的精确结论,又可与宏观力学试验建立关联性,对沥青的老化过程进行数值表征,其研究结果能够为其微观演化规律和宏观性能特性提供参考;在实际沥青路面使用中,紫外老化和热氧老化是并行存在的,基于室外沥青路面老化监测的多因素复合老化应是沥青室内老化模拟研究的重点;融合多层次老化评价指标和数值模拟技术,建立多尺度沥青老化动态仿真模拟是沥青材料与数值模拟交叉应用的主要研究方向。     

基于学科竞赛的自动化设计类课程群建设

高校应用型人才培养是当前高等教育的组成形式之一,该文以自动化专业为例,通过一系列的具体课程教学实施逐步探索依托学科竞赛的创新人才培养模式,以学科竞赛为辅助,教学改革为主体,根据自动化专业人才培养的需求,从内容、结构和逻辑关系上分析不同课程间的关联性,优化设计类课程的课程体系,整合教学内容和教学方法,创新教学模式,从而不断提高教育教学质量,提高学生的综合素养。     

技能大赛视野下中职学校汽车专业核心课程教学改革与实践——以《电控发动机检修》课程为例

长期以来,中职学校汽车专业对于技能比赛存在着"重成绩、轻转化"的现象,导致只有少部分教师和学生受益,这与技能大赛"以赛促学、以赛促教、以赛促改"的理念相背。本文以《电控发动机检修》课程为例,阐述了中职学校汽车专业基于技能大赛开展专业核心课程教学改革策略与实践成效,以期为中职学校汽车专业核心课程教学改革提供有益借鉴。     

Shifting from car to active transport: A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions

IntroductionA promising way to stimulate physical activity is to promote the choice for active modes of transport (walking and cycling). Over the past years, several interventions and policies have been implemented to stimulate this mode shift. However, information concerning the effectiveness of these interventions and policies is still limited. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effectiveness of interventions designed to stimulate a shift from car use to cycling or walking and to obtain insight into the intervention tools that have been used to promote and/or implement these interventions.MethodsFive databases were searched and articles published in English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish were included. Only studies that focussed on a mode shift from car use towards active transport in a general adult population, which were published in peer reviewed journals and which investigated effectiveness were included. Intervention tools used were categorized by using the model of Hoogerwerf & Herweijer, as either legal, economic (subsidy, reward system, penalty), communicative (written materials, behavioural tools) and physical tools (providing bicycles, providing better bicycle facilities at work, adjustment of the environment).ResultsNineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Studies included described work-place-based interventions, architectural and urbanistic adjustments, population-wide interventions, and bicycle-renting systems. Nearly all studies (except three) showed positive effects concerning a mode shift. Most of the included studies used more than one intervention tool and the tools used differed between types of interventions. However, information about the statistical significance of these results was often lacking and the study methodologies used were not of high quality.ConclusionNearly all studies showed results in a positive direction. However, the quality of the included studies was mostly low and intervention characteristics were poorly described.